{"id":5850,"date":"2021-08-16T08:03:23","date_gmt":"2021-08-16T06:03:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/?post_type=documentaire&#038;p=5850"},"modified":"2021-11-26T10:45:00","modified_gmt":"2021-11-26T09:45:00","slug":"o-trafico-dos-escravos-malgaxes-em-bourbon","status":"publish","type":"documentaire","link":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/documentaires\/o-trafico-de-escravos\/a-origem-dos-escravos-de-bourbon\/o-trafico-dos-escravos-malgaxes-em-bourbon\/","title":{"rendered":"O Tr\u00e1fico dos escravos malgaxes em Bourbon"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>As ilhas de Bourbon e Madag\u00e1scar estiveram ligadas desde o aparecimento dos franceses no Oceano \u00cdndico. Com efeito, 20 anos ap\u00f3s a tomada de posse do Fort Dauphin, em 1643, os franceses instalaram-se em Bourbon<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9484545873687473\" aria-label=\"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Barassin, Naissance d\u2019une chr\u00e9tient\u00e9 : Bourbon des origines jusqu\u2019en 1714, Saint Denis, Impr. Cazal, 1953, 448 p. (18-42).\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u2014 o ref\u00fagio de quem escapara ao massacre da col\u00f3nia francesa do Fort Dauphin, em 1674<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.3103954709099258\" aria-label=\"Pier M. Larson, \u00ab Colonies Lost: God, Hunger, and Conflict in Anosy (Madagascar) to 1674 \u00bb, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27 (2), 2007, p. 345-366.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 525px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('video');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-5850-1\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/THIEBAUT_ST_2.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/THIEBAUT_ST_2.mp4\">https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/THIEBAUT_ST_2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p>A ilha permaneceu bastante isolada, apenas esporadicamente visitada por flibusteiros<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5379794537154005\" aria-label=\"Arne Bialuschewski, \u00ab Pirates, slavers, and the indigenous population in Madagascar, c. 1690-1715 \u00bb, International Journal of African Historical Studies, 38 (3), 2005, p. 401-425 (415-416).\">&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation1-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5913 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation1-1-e1629089176197.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"123\" \/><\/a>que, instalados em Madag\u00e1scar traziam ami\u00fade escravos em n\u00fameros avultados. Para combater as suas pilhagens, Lu\u00eds XIV concedeu-lhes uma amnistia em Bourbon e, ao mesmo tempo, proibiu todo o com\u00e9rcio com os piratas<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.11821406325919392\" aria-label=\"Lu\u00eds XIV, Ordonnance, s.l., 15 de janeiro de 1711. Pallas, M\u00e9moire, s.l., 02 de abril de 1726. Arquivos Nacionais do Ultramar (ANOM), Col\u00f3nias (COL), C2\/17, f. 99-101; C3\/31, p. 1; Desmini\u00e8res-Montreuil, Demande, s.l., 1716; Burke, M\u00e9moire, s.l., 1724. Arquivos Nacionais (AN), Marinha (MAR), B1\/4, f. 56; B3\/295, f. 47; Grossier, M\u00e9moire sur Madagascar, s.d. s.l. Arquivos do Minist\u00e9rio dos Neg\u00f3cios Estrangeiros (AMAE), 8MD3, f. 217-234. Em 1711, 29 em cada 109 chefes de fam\u00edlia em Bourbon tinham sido flibusteiros, Haudr\u00e8re, 2005, II, 656.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Robert Bousquet contava com 423 escravos batizados, entre 1696 e 1718, a maioria dos quais trazida pelos piratas de Madag\u00e1scar<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.7657259285000381\" aria-label=\"BOUSQUET, Robert, 2011 Les esclaves et leurs ma\u00eetres \u00e0 Bourbon, au temps de la Compagnie des Indes, 1665-1767, http:\/\/www.reunion-esclavage-traite-noirs-neg-marron.com\/, consultado a 05 de maio de 2014, I, 70-80 e 101; Journal de Bourbon, 18 de setembro de 1705. Public Library of New York, 1909.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2581\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2581\" style=\"width: 2800px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1FI14-carte-de-madagascar.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-2581\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2581 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1FI14-carte-de-madagascar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2800\" height=\"1815\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1FI14-carte-de-madagascar.jpg 2800w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1FI14-carte-de-madagascar-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1FI14-carte-de-madagascar-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1FI14-carte-de-madagascar-1024x664.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2581\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mapa da ilha de Madag\u00e1scar, tamb\u00e9m chamada Madecasse e S. Laurens, atualmente, ilha Dauphine com [sic] as Costas de Sofala e de Mo\u00e7ambique em \u00c1frica. Pierre Duval, ge\u00f3grafo 1666. Gravura.<br \/>Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Arquivos Departamentais da Reuni\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>A hist\u00f3ria do tr\u00e1fico de escravos<\/h3>\n<p>A hist\u00f3ria do tr\u00e1fico franc\u00eas propriamente dito em Bourbon s\u00f3 come\u00e7a a partir da d\u00e9cada de 1710,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5910 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"46\" \/><\/a>primeiro, com a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o do caf\u00e9 e, depois, em 1715, quando os franceses recuperam as Maur\u00edcias, abandonadas pelos neerlandeses cinco anos antes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2617\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2617\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rosemont_-_La_culture_du_caf\u00e9_\u00e0_l\u00eele_Bourbon-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-2617\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2617\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rosemont_-_La_culture_du_caf\u00e9_\u00e0_l\u00eele_Bourbon-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"383\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rosemont_-_La_culture_du_caf\u00e9_\u00e0_l\u00eele_Bourbon-1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rosemont_-_La_culture_du_caf\u00e9_\u00e0_l\u00eele_Bourbon-1-300x192.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2617\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cultura do caf\u00e9 na ilha de Bourbon. Jean Joseph Patu de Rosemont. C. 1800. Aguarela.<br \/>Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Museu do Quai Branly<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Com vista a assegurar m\u00e3o-de-obra para as planta\u00e7\u00f5es de caf\u00e9, foi enviada uma expedi\u00e7\u00e3o negreira em 1718 \u2014 o Courrier de Bourbon introduziu 46 escravos malgaxes<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.654949435068919\" aria-label=\"Relat\u00f3rio de Dufour ao Conselho de Bourbon, 4 de fevereiro de 1719. Arquivos do departamento da Reuni\u00e3o (ADLR), C\u2070 1386bis.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. No ano seguinte, a Companhia das \u00cdndias foi refundada, dando lugar a uma troca regular entre a Grande Ilha e as Mascarenhas. Entre 1725 e 1735, Robert Bousquet estima que 4123 escravos malgaxes tenham sido importados, o que representa pouco mais de 400 por ano, ou seja, dois ter\u00e7os do n\u00famero total dos escravos introduzidos<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.1477134033848696\" aria-label=\"Bousquet, 2011, I, 153.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Ent\u00e3o, Bourbon recebeu a maior parte dos escravos at\u00e9 \u00e0 chegada de La Bourdonnais.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><u>N\u00famero de expedi\u00e7\u00f5es mar\u00edtimas de Madag\u00e1scar em Bourbon (1721-1736)<\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/documentaires\/la-traite-des-esclaves\/origine-des-esclaves-de-bourbon-2\/traite-des-esclaves-malgaches-a-bourbon\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-1\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2549\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2549\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"467\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-1-1.jpg 467w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-1-1-300x146.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A partir de 1735, as atividades mar\u00edtimas foram sendo cada vez mais transferidas para a \u00cele de France, e Bourbon viu-se cada vez mais subordinada a Port-Louis. Os documentos arquiv\u00edsticos tornaram-se mais raros, e faltam-nos dados para este per\u00edodo at\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9cada de 1760, mas isso n\u00e3o quer dizer que Bourbon tenha deixado de receber escravos \u2014 pelo contr\u00e1rio, a popula\u00e7\u00e3o servil tornou-se mais importante do que na \u00cele de France at\u00e9 ao in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XIX.<br \/>\nA fal\u00eancia da Companhia, em 1767, tornou o com\u00e9rcio mar\u00edtimo no Oceano \u00cdndico livre para todos os cidad\u00e3os franceses, o que favoreceria um tr\u00e1fico dominado pelos mercadores privados. Evidentemente que Port-Louis dominava as trocas mar\u00edtimas, e a inexist\u00eancia das \u00abdeclara\u00e7\u00f5es de chegada\u00bb para Saint-Denis ou Saint-Paul acentuava essa oposi\u00e7\u00e3o. Durante grande parte do s\u00e9culo XVIII, a ilha Bourbon, onde se tinham instalado muito poucos negociantes, encontrava-se ent\u00e3o numa situa\u00e7\u00e3o de depend\u00eancia em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 \u00cele de France<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.7350024639964322\" aria-label=\"Henri Prentout, 1901, L\u2019\u00eele de France sous Decaen, Paris, Hachette, 295 ; Auguste Toussaint, 1969, Le mirage des \u00eeles. Le n\u00e9goce fran\u00e7ais aux Mascareignes aux XVIIIe si\u00e8cle suivi de la correspondance du n\u00e9gociant lyonnais Jean-Baptiste PIPON, Aix-en-Provence, EDISUD, 22.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. No entanto, encontr\u00e1mos 180 expedi\u00e7\u00f5es de Bourbon, que decorreram, na sua maioria, antes de 1735 ou depois de 1767, e metade no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XIX<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9209202996714728\" aria-label=\"Wanquet regista na Reuni\u00e3o, entre julho de 1795 e junho de 1796 a chegada de navios provenientes de Madag\u00e1scar. Claude Wanquet, Histoire d\u2019une R\u00e9volution : La R\u00e9union 1789-1803, vol. II, Jeanne Lafitte, Marselha 1982, 404.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Repare-se igualmente que um mesmo n\u00famero, mas provavelmente mais, de expedi\u00e7\u00f5es vindas de Madag\u00e1scar chegaram a Port-Louis ap\u00f3s ter ancorado em Bourbon<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.2766937432698203\" aria-label=\"Ver, por exemplo, a declara\u00e7\u00e3o de chegada do F\u00e9lix, Port Nord-Ouest, 24 de brum\u00e1rio do ano de XIII (15 de novembro de 1804). Mauritius National Archives (MNA), GB\/26, #327.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-5920 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation3.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation3-300x163.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a>\u00c9, ent\u00e3o, poss\u00edvel que tenham embarcado e desembarcado a\u00ed alguns escravos. Com efeito, tal como Baker e Corne, parece-nos muito dif\u00edcil determinar em que ilha os cativos foram desembarcados, sem falar da cabotagem em escravos entre Bourbon e a \u00cele de France<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.4605370408072079\" aria-label=\"BAKER, Philip e Chris Borne, Isle de France Creole: affinities and origins, Karoma, Ann Arbor 1982, 187 -192; Wanquet, 1980, I, 48. Em dois meses, 203 escravos foram enviados de Bourbon para a \u00cele de France. \u00abAn\u00f3nimo\u00bb, \u00c9tat des noirs envoy\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00eele de France du 27.09 au 27.11.1781, s.d. s.l. ADLR, 17C, s.f.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. H\u00e1 que n\u00e3o esquecer tamb\u00e9m o facto de Bourbon ter sido um posto de reabastecimento na rota de Madag\u00e1scar.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/documentaires\/la-traite-des-esclaves\/origine-des-esclaves-de-bourbon-2\/traite-des-esclaves-malgaches-a-bourbon\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-2\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-2553\">N\u00famero de expedi\u00e7\u00f5es mar\u00edtimas entre Madag\u00e1scar e Bourbon (1767-1810)<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2553\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-2.jpg 531w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/nombre-d-expedition-maritimes-2-300x150.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ap\u00f3s a Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o, a rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a p\u00e1tria encrespou-se, sobretudo devido \u00e0 aboli\u00e7\u00e3o da escravatura pela Assembleia Nacional em 1794. As Mascarenhas tornaram-se quase independentes, regidas pelas suas pr\u00f3prias assembleias coloniais. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation4-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5927 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation4-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation4-1.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation4-1-300x139.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a>Apesar de a escravatura n\u00e3o ter sido abolida, as mudan\u00e7as fizeram-se sentir. Entretanto, o tr\u00e1fico de escravos foi abolido por decreto da Assembleia Colonial da \u00cele de France<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.6885004779239017\" aria-label=\"Carta ao Comit\u00e9 de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica, s.l. 14 de pluvioso do ano III (02 de fevereiro de 1795). MNA, D\/63, s.f.; Secretaria do Tribunal Supremo da \u00cele de France, D\u00e9cret, Port-Louis, 7.\u00ba dia do 2.\u00ba m\u00eas do ano III. T. Bonnefoy, Table g\u00e9n\u00e9rale alphab\u00e9tique et analytique pour servir aux recherches \u00e0 faire au greffe de la Cour supr\u00eame de l\u2019\u00eele Maurice (1722-1850), L. Channell, Maur\u00edcias 1853; Wanquet, 1982, II, 342-344.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Essa proibi\u00e7\u00e3o parece n\u00e3o ter sido sempre respeitada, apesar de se ter conhecimento de v\u00e1rias condena\u00e7\u00f5es por introdu\u00e7\u00e3o il\u00edcita. Os escravos desembarcados por Martineau com o Jean Bart foram devolvidos a Madag\u00e1scar<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9865165995634844\" aria-label=\"Wanquet, 1982, II, 332 &amp; 342-343.\">&nbsp;<\/span> \u2014 no entanto, foram introduzidos muitos, como foi o caso do desembarque il\u00edcito de centenas de cativos malgaxes na Reuni\u00e3o<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.174652881461686\" aria-label=\"Carta do Comit\u00e9 de Seguran\u00e7a P\u00fablica, s.l. 26 de vendemi\u00e1rio do ano V (17 de outubro de 1796). ADLR, L\/63, s.f.\">&nbsp;<\/span>em outubro de 1796.<\/p>\n<p>A primeira d\u00e9cada do s\u00e9culo XIX ficou marcada por uma continuidade nas intera\u00e7\u00f5es com Madag\u00e1scar. Observamos igualmente v\u00e1rios acontecimentos importantes, como a renova\u00e7\u00e3o das liga\u00e7\u00f5es com a metr\u00f3pole, trazida pela reinstitui\u00e7\u00e3o da escravatura por Bonaparte, em 1802, e a chegada do capit\u00e3o-geral Decaen \u00e0s Mascarenhas no ano seguinte. A crescente amea\u00e7a dos cors\u00e1rios leva a que a ilha de Bonaparte caia nas m\u00e3os dos Ingleses em julho de 1810.<\/p>\n<h3>As particularidades do tr\u00e1fico<\/h3>\n<p>O tr\u00e1fico de escravos em Madag\u00e1scar \u00e9 diferente do com\u00e9rcio transatl\u00e2ntico e, at\u00e9, do tr\u00e1fico com a \u00c1frica Oriental por diversas raz\u00f5es. Em primeiro lugar, as expedi\u00e7\u00f5es para a Grande ilha levavam n\u00e3o s\u00f3 escravos, mas tamb\u00e9m v\u00edveres. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation5.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5931 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation5.jpg 420w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation5-300x133.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/a>Allen sublinhou a diversidade dos carregamentos, e Toussaint, a import\u00e2ncia dos vegetais e animais (carregamentos 341 e 181, respetivamente)<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.6125683705423861\" aria-label=\"Richard B. Allen, 2008, \u00ab The constant demand of the French: The Mascarene Slave Trade and the World of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries \u00bb, Journal of African History, 49 (1), p. 43-73: 64; 64 ; Auguste Toussaint, 1967, La route des Iles : contribution \u00e0 l\u2019histoire maritime des Mascareignes, Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N., 492 ; Gilbert Ratsivalaka, 1995, Madagascar dans le sud-ouest de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien (circa 1500-1824) pour une r\u00e9lecture de l\u2019histoire de Madagascar, th\u00e8se de doctorat, 2 vol., Universit\u00e9 de Nice, I, 393-395.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Os navios de mercadorias transportavam, ent\u00e3o, indiferentemente, cativos, bovinos e arroz, o que limitava o espa\u00e7o reservado aos escravos.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2555\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2555\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Interieur-d-un-navire-negrier.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-2555\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2555 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Interieur-d-un-navire-negrier.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"443\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Interieur-d-un-navire-negrier.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Interieur-d-un-navire-negrier-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Interior de um navio negreiro. Lasteryrie, Charles Philibert. 1759. Litografia. In Faits relatifs \u00e0 la traite des Noirs, Impr. de Crapelet, 1826.<br \/>Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Arquivos departamentais da Reuni\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Com efeito, ser\u00e1 igualmente preciso ter em conta os carregamentos mistos que existiam tanto em Madag\u00e1scar como por todo o Oceano \u00cdndico <span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.16477034081144826\" aria-label=\"Richard B. Allen, 2015, European Slave trading in the Indian Ocean, 1500-1850, Athens, Ohio University Press. 14 ; Jane L. Hooper &amp; David Eltis, 2013, \">&nbsp;<\/span>. Al\u00e9m disso, mesmo que fosse considerada o celeiro das Mascarenhas, Bourbon nunca estaria a salvo da pen\u00faria, dada a sua vulnerabilidade a pragas de gafanhotos, ciclones e secas<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.2540142493244848\" aria-label=\"Prosper \u00c8ve, 1992, Ile \u00e0 peur. La peur redout\u00e9e ou r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 la R\u00e9union des origines \u00e0 nos jours, Saint-Andr\u00e9, Oc\u00e9an \u00c9ditions, 161 ; Richard B. Allen, 2006, \u00ab The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries \u00bb in G. Campbell (dir.), The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean, Africa and Asia, New York, Frank Cass Publishers, p. 33-50: 37 ; Robert R. Kuczynski, 1949, Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire, 3 vol., Londres, Oxford University Press, 873.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Ali\u00e1s, as ilhas encontravam-se continuamente em situa\u00e7\u00e3o de pen\u00faria, sendo-lhes essencial receber um afluxo regular de v\u00edveres para evitar a fome<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5386509908909973\" aria-label=\" Rafa\u00ebl Thiebaut, 2017, \u00ab An informal French-Dutch Alliance: Trade and Diplomacy between the Cape Colony and the Mascarenes, 1719-1769 \u00bb, Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies, vol. 1.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. O papel da Grande ilha como reservat\u00f3rio de arroz e bovinos permanecia primordial, podendo ser fonte de v\u00e1rios milhares de bovinos e centenas de libras de arroz por ano.<\/p>\n<p>As autoridades de Bourbon tamb\u00e9m organizavam e encorajavam expedi\u00e7\u00f5es para obter arroz e bovinos, nomeadamente, a partir da d\u00e9cada de 1790<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.918079778168371\" aria-label=\"Wanquet, 1982, II, 31 ; 274 &amp; 282.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. A Assembleia Colonial da Reuni\u00e3o chegou mesmo a instalar l\u00e1 o seu pr\u00f3prio agente para supervisionar as suas rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais e entrou em concorr\u00eancia com a \u00cele de France<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.37530427966012014\" aria-label=\"Wanquet, 1982, II, 291-295.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Em 1794, por exemplo, registou-se que o armador Martineau vendeu o Jean Bart ao negociante Dancla, que desejava rumar a Madag\u00e1scar, para aprovisionar a ilha de arroz e outros bens essenciais <span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.3537701051302691\" aria-label=\"Carta de Roubaud e Chanvalon, St. Denis, 07 de agosto de 1794. ADLR, L\/87, s.f.\">&nbsp;<\/span> e que regressou de l\u00e1 com 72 negros provenientes de tr\u00e1fico<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.44015858528171403\" aria-label=\"Martineau, Declara\u00e7\u00e3o do Jean Bart, s.l. 15 de pluvioso do ano III. ADLR, L\/330, s.f.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Estado das embarca\u00e7\u00f5es ancoradas em St. Denis e St. Paul<br \/>\nentre 01 de abril de 1807 e 31 de mar\u00e7o de 1808<\/p>\n<table width=\"680\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><strong>Navio<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\"><strong>Capit\u00e3o<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\"><strong>Local<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"104\"><strong>Chegada<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"227\"><strong>Carregamento<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Action<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Bouton<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Tamatave<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">04-05-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">1175 sacos de arroz e 68 escravos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Grappler<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Ripaud<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Fort Dauphin<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">10-06-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">1074 sacos de arroz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Marie Jeanne<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Mamet<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Foulpointe<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">11-06-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Mercadorias diversas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Charlotte<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Macquet<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">07-06-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">160 000 arroz e 9 negros novos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Lucie<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">La Vigne<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">22-06-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">16 <em>vedelles<\/em>, negros e 100 sacos de arroz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Grappler<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Ripaud<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">10-08-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Arroz e negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Union<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Oxnard<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">21-08-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Arroz e negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Marie Jeanne<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Mamet<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">24-08-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Arroz, tartarugas e negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Cr\u00e9ole<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Nepveu<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">09-07-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Arroz, milho e negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Eug\u00e9nie<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Barbarin<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">19-07-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">120 000 arroz e 23 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Caroline<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Gueuzenec<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">19-07-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">1100 sacos de arroz e 196 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Lucie<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Deschamps Lami<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Foulpointe<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">05-08-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">100 negros e 80 sacos de arroz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Minerve<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Couacoud<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">30-08-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">300 sacos de arroz e 120 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Providence<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Dupuis<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">30-08-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">42 <em>vedelles<\/em>, 600 000 arroz e 120 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Union<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Fournier<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">06-09-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">3777 sacos de arroz e 47 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Union<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Oxnard<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">18-09-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">3500 sacos de arroz e 47 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Lucie<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Le Poigneur<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">23-09-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">1500 sacos de arroz e 16 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Caroline<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Gueuzenec<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">17-01-1808<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">3190 sacos de arroz, 6 negros e 3 arreb\u00e9ns<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Malouin<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">G\u00e9rois<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">17-02-1808<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">17 negros, arroz, cordames, cobre e fio de carreto<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Jeune Claire<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">L\u2019Hermitte<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">04-02-1808<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">1050 sacos de arroz e negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Lucie<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Le Poigneur<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">23-10-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Arroz e negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Providence<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Dupuy<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Foulpointe<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">28-10-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Arroz e negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Caroline<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Gueuzenec<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Tamatave<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">11-12-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">Arroz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Louis<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Bury<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">15-10-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">900 sacos de arroz e 59 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Amiti\u00e9<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Pinot<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">20-10-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">166 bovinos, 400 sacos de arroz e 14 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Union<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Oxnard<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Foulpointe<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">19-11-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">600 sacos, 58 negros e 12 quartos de salgas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Amiti\u00e9<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Pinot<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Foulpointe<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">25-11-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">6670 sacos de arroz, 17 negros e 25 bovinos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Marie Jeanne<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Gontier<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">01-12-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">5000 tartarugas, 26 negros, 10 000 arroz e 2000 fios de carreto<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Jeune Claire<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Boudet<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Tamatave<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">10-12-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">400 sacos de arroz, 20 negros e 1 quarto de salga<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Union<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Oxnard<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Foulpointe<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">11-12-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">3000 sacos de arroz e 7 negros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Lucie <\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Le Poigneur<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Tamatave<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">11-12-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">900 sacos de arroz e 20 quartos de salgas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Union<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Cousinery<\/td>\n<td width=\"113\">Madag\u00e1scar<\/td>\n<td width=\"104\">20-12-1807<\/td>\n<td width=\"227\">15 negros, 450 tartarugas, 1 bovino, 6 cabritos e 300 t\u00e1buas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fonte: \u00abAn\u00f3nimo\u00bb, <em>\u00c9tat des b\u00e2timents entr\u00e9s dans les rades de Saint-Denis et Saint-Paul<\/em>, 01-04-1807 a 31-03-1808.<br \/>\nANOM, COL, C3\/27, f. 290.<\/p>\n<p>Na tabela acima, vemos bem como o com\u00e9rcio de escravos em Madag\u00e1scar estava interligado com o com\u00e9rcio de v\u00edveres da Reuni\u00e3o. Trinta e dois navios de Madag\u00e1scar levavam pelo menos 885 negros, al\u00e9m de 29 716 sacos com 890 000 libras de arroz. O n\u00famero de escravos por expedi\u00e7\u00e3o pode, ent\u00e3o, ser bastante limitado: constatamos uma m\u00e9dia de 44 nas expedi\u00e7\u00f5es que decorrem de 1807 a 1808, mas a diferen\u00e7a entre os navios \u00e9 grande: 79 escravos no Union e nove no Princesse Charlotte.<br \/>\nOutra particularidade do tr\u00e1fico de escravos em Madag\u00e1scar \u00e9 a fraude,\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation6.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-5934 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation6.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation6-300x177.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a>e s\u00e3o v\u00e1rias as raz\u00f5es que a explicam. Desde logo, a rapidez com que se conseguia fazer uma expedi\u00e7\u00e3o a Madag\u00e1scar favorecia a fraude. Depois, os lucros eram significativos: um escravo era vendido com uma margem de lucro de 200 % na Reuni\u00e3o e uma viagem poderia render<br \/>\n6000 libras<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8521916982125076\" aria-label=\"Carta de La Motte, \u00cele de France, 01 de abril de 1754. Revue historique et litt\u00e9raire de l\u2019\u00eele Maurice, 5 (20), 18 de outubro de 1891, 231-235 ; Carta de Rose a Courtoys, \u00cele de France, 01 de setembro de 1753. B\u00e9atrice de Boisanger e Bernard de La Bourdonnaye-Blossac, Fortune des Isles. Lettres et souvenirs de l\u2019Isle de France. La D\u00e9couvrance, La Rochelle 2008, 45-53.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Em 1756, Magon explica que, de 1500 escravos introduzidos na \u00cele de France nos tr\u00eas anos anteriores, apenas cem tinham sido desembarcados legalmente, \u00abos demais em fraude, nos navios da Companhia, que s\u00f3 receberam da sua parte um n\u00famero muito reduzido de escravos, alguns animais e um pouco de arroz<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.32741647118946293\" aria-label=\"Carta de Magon aos Diretores, \u00cele de France, 07 de janeiro de 1756. ANOM, COL, C4\/9, s.f. \">&nbsp;<\/span> \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>A rapidez da infame passagem do meio; uma a duas semanas para Madag\u00e1scar, contra tr\u00eas a seis meses no tr\u00e1fico transatl\u00e2ntico n\u00e3o diminui for\u00e7osamente a mortalidade. Em quinze expedi\u00e7\u00f5es, verific\u00e1mos uma taxa de 8 %, contra uma taxa de 12 % a 15 % no tr\u00e1fico transatl\u00e2ntico<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.588027800159274\" aria-label=\"David Eltis &amp; David Richardson, 2010, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, New Haven, Yale University Press, 175.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation7.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5937 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation7-e1629092373745.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"220\" \/><\/a>Essa taxa bastante elevada poder\u00e1 ser explicada incid\u00eancia do paludismo no litoral malgaxe que afetava os cativos malgaxes trazidos do interior das terras. Por outro lado, a l\u00edngua comum malgaxe teria provavelmente aumentado a vontade dos servis malgaxes de oferecer resist\u00eancia armada nos navios negreiros, com 24 revoltas comprovadas e uma taxa que poder\u00e1 ser o dobro do tr\u00e1fico transatl\u00e2ntico<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.6889279554361211\" aria-label=\"Thiebaut 2020.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Essa taxa bastante elevada poder\u00e1 ser explicada pela O \u00faltimo quartel do s\u00e9culo XVIIII tamb\u00e9m assistiu ao desenvolvimento de um outro fen\u00f3meno: o tr\u00e2nsito dos cativos do oriente africano via Madag\u00e1scar para as Mascarenhas<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8869319776991694\" aria-label=\"Carta de Benyowsky a Des Assises, s.l. 28 de novembro de 1774; \u00abAn\u00f3nimo\u00bb, Inventaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des vivres, munitions et autres effets de traite, existant dans les magasins du Roi a Foulpointe, s.l. 04 de junho de 1779. ANOM, COL, C5A\/5, p. 20 e 154; Mayeur, M\u00e9moire commercial, politique et historique, Flacq, 01 de novembro de 1807. Biblioth\u00e8que municipale de Caen (BMC), fonds Decaen\/101, f. 33-38.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. At\u00e9 a\u00ed, os escravos comprados em Madag\u00e1scar eram praticamente todos oriundos da Grande ilha, mas esta n\u00e3o poderia satisfazer a grande procura da parte dos franceses das Mascarenhas. Vemos ent\u00e3o que os chelingues mouros ou \u00e1rabes de Kilwa e de Zanzibar come\u00e7avam a introduzir \u00abcafres\u00bb na costa noroeste de Madag\u00e1scar: \u00abvendem-nos aos naturais que os p\u00f5em a trabalhar a terra<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.6404167096163832\" aria-label=\"\u00abAn\u00f3nimo\u00bb, M\u00e9moire sur Madagascar, s.d. s.l. British Library (BL), Additional Manuscripts (AM)\/18126, f. 30.\">&nbsp;<\/span> \u00bb. Os escravos do oriente africano eram depois vendidos aos mercadores franceses para serem levados para as Mascarenhas<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8455879325588911\" aria-label=\"Carta de Roux a Decaen, Tamatave, 20 de julho de 1808. BMC, Decaen\/102, f. 235-238; \u00abAn\u00f3nimo\u00bb, Etat des noirs et n\u00e9gresses appartenant au roi, qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9s \u00e0 Madagascar, s.l., 23 de agosto de 1774. ANOM, COL, C5A\/4, p. 83. Benyowsky, Administration de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de Madagascar, Antongil, 23 de setembro de 1776. AN, M\/1031, s.f.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<br \/>\nEsse n\u00famero poderia ser muito importante, mas \u00e9 dif\u00edcil distinguir os malgaxes dos \u00abmo\u00e7ambicanos\u00bb<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.587501426408244\" aria-label=\"Nas Mascarenhas, a casta de Mo\u00e7ambique abrangia pelo menos 13 etnias diferentes. Gwyn Campbell, \u00abThe African-Asian Diaspora: Myth or Reality?\u00bb in Angenot, J.-P. e S. de Silva Jayasuriya (dir.), Uncovering the history of Africans in Asia. Brill, Leyde 2008, p. 37-56. Por exemplo: Declara\u00e7\u00e3o de chegada do Caroline, Port Napol\u00e9on, 2 de agosto de 1807. MNA, GB\/26, #877.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2561\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2561\" style=\"width: 900px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/115FIP.34-capture-dun-b\u00e2timent-n\u00e9grier-sur-la-c\u00f4te-occidentale-de-Madagascar2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-2561\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2561 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/115FIP.34-capture-dun-b\u00e2timent-n\u00e9grier-sur-la-c\u00f4te-occidentale-de-Madagascar2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/115FIP.34-capture-dun-b\u00e2timent-n\u00e9grier-sur-la-c\u00f4te-occidentale-de-Madagascar2.jpg 900w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/115FIP.34-capture-dun-b\u00e2timent-n\u00e9grier-sur-la-c\u00f4te-occidentale-de-Madagascar2-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/115FIP.34-capture-dun-b\u00e2timent-n\u00e9grier-sur-la-c\u00f4te-occidentale-de-Madagascar2-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2561\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Captura de uma embarca\u00e7\u00e3o negreira na costa ocidental de Madag\u00e1scar. M. H.-J. Ray. [1857-1938]. Gravura.<br \/>Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Museu Vill\u00e8le. Fundo Michel Pol\u00e9nyk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>A situa\u00e7\u00e3o em Bourbon<\/h3>\n<p>At\u00e9 1810, o n\u00famero de escravos n\u00e3o parou de aumentar. Nessa altura, verificava-se igualmente uma grande agita\u00e7\u00e3o contra a elite colonial, dando azo a evas\u00f5es de escravos. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation8.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5940 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation8.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" \/><\/a>\u2014 um problema particularmente persistente em Bourbon com o seu interior montanhoso<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.3146717752274546\" aria-label=\"Wanquet, 1984, III, 117-121.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Grupos de foragidos nas montanhas organizavam-se para fazer \u00abdescidas\u00bb sobre as planta\u00e7\u00f5es. Entre 1732 e 1767, Bousquet enumera mais de 40 descidas sobre propriedades coloniais <span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8116027543206232\" aria-label=\"Bousquet, 2011, III, 482.\">&nbsp;<\/span>\u2014 e h\u00e1 que n\u00e3o esquecer a revolta de Saint-Leu, em 1811, que mobilizou 500 escravos, 15 % dos quais, malgaxes<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.6944625754032799\" aria-label=\"Sudel Fuma, 1811, La r\u00e9volte des oreilles coup\u00e9es ou L'insurrection des esclaves de Saint-Leu en 1811 \u00e0 Bourbon, \u00eele de la R\u00e9union, Saint-Denis-de-La-R\u00e9union, Historun, 251.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">N\u00famero de escravos nas Mascarenhas (1725-1809)<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">Ano<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">Bourbon<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\"><em>Ile de France <\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">Totais<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1725<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">2\u00a0076 (98%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">34<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">2 110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1731<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">4\u00a0471 (87%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">681<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">5 152<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1735<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">6\u00a0889 (88%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">940<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">7 829<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1741<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">9\u00a0221 (78%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">2\u00a0571<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">11 792<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1749<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">12\u00a0184 (71%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">4\u00a0951<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">17 135<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1761<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">15\u00a0000 (54%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">12\u00a0786<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">27 786<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1767<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">21\u00a0047 (54%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">18\u00a0100<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">39 147<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1776<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">26\u00a0175 (52%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">25\u00a0154<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">51 329<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1788<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">37\u00a0263 (50%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">37\u00a0915<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">75 178<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1804<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">50\u00a0350 (47%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">55\u00a0893<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">106 243<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"87\">1809<\/td>\n<td width=\"102\">52\u00a0141 (48%)<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">55\u00a0422<\/td>\n<td width=\"123\">107 563<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation9.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-5943 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation9-e1629092803937.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\" height=\"189\" \/><\/a>A reputa\u00e7\u00e3o particularmente negativa atribu\u00edda aos malgaxes nem sempre se justificava. No fim do regime da Companhia das \u00cdndias, as Mascarenhas contavam com um n\u00famero importante de escravos malgaxes: \u00ab\u00e9 uma ra\u00e7a muito reles\u00bb, e o risco de evas\u00e3o mar\u00edtima \u00e9 muito elevado<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.47508680433904626\" aria-label=\"Journal de Magon, 4 de maio de 1756. ANOM, COL, C4\/9.\">&nbsp;<\/span> \u00bb. A maioria das tentativas falhava, e chegavam anualmente a Bourbon pirogas com escravos vindos da \u00cele de France \u00e0 procura da Grande ilha<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.3756420756898208\" aria-label=\"Por exemplo: carta do Conselho de Bourbon ao Conselho da \u00cele de France, Saint-Denis, 16 de dezembro de 1764. ADLR, C\u2070\/644.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2667\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2667\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1_PER_003_02-effets-perdus.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"taille-initiale wp-image-2667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1_PER_003_02-effets-perdus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1_PER_003_02-effets-perdus.jpg 620w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/1_PER_003_02-effets-perdus-266x300.jpg 266w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2667\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pequenos cartazes da ilha da Reuni\u00e3o. S\u00e1bado 24 de maio de 1806. Impress\u00e3o.<br \/>Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Arquivos Departamentais da Reuni\u00e3o<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Os n\u00fameros<\/h3>\n<p>O saldo naturalmente negativo da popula\u00e7\u00e3o servil de Bourbon leva \u00e0 necessidade de um influxo regular de escravos para alimentar as fileiras<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9294374386849346\" aria-label=\"Em 1806, a mortalidade excedeu a natalidade entre os escravos com 2552 mortos, mas as perdas foram compensadas com a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o de 3457 cativos afromalgaxes, ou seja, um aumento de 903 escravos. Carta de Marchand aos administradores, s.l., 03 de novembro de 1808. ANOM, COL, C3\/28, p. 44. \">&nbsp;<\/span>. \u00c9 claro que h\u00e1 que ter em conta a chegada de escravos de outras regi\u00f5es, como a \u00c1frica Oriental, a \u00cdndia e n\u00e3o s\u00f3. A \u00cdndia fornecia cativos desde 1672 \u2014 os primeiros 18 chegaram a Bourbon em 1707, de Pondicheri, trazidos pela Companhia<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5798721472815251\" aria-label=\"Prosper \u00c8ve, 2010, \u00ab Les Indiens \u00e0 Bourbon au temps de l\u2019esclavage ou l\u2019Histoire d\u2019une dissonance \u00bb in S. Fuma &amp; S. Pannirselvame (dir.), Diaspora indienne dans l\u2019histoire des \u00eeles et pays de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien, Saint-Denis, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union, p. 35-65 : 36 ; Bousquet, 2011, I, 75-76 &amp; 343 .\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Ap\u00f3s a import\u00e2ncia de Madag\u00e1scar, contudo, entre 1730 e 1770, a \u00c1frica Oriental ganhou destaque. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation10-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5949 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation10-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"82\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation10-1.jpg 460w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Citation10-1-300x53.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/a>Como sublinha\u00a0 Wanquet, \u00e9 dif\u00edcil apurar o n\u00famero de escravos importados para Bourbon<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.2500756095810328\" aria-label=\"Wanquet, 1980, I, 48.\">&nbsp;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sabemos que, em 1735, tal como regista Prosper Eve, os escravos malgaxes perfaziam tr\u00eas quartos dos escravos importados para Bourbon e que, 30 anos depois, dois ter\u00e7os<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5318547438081395\" aria-label=\"Prosper \u00c8ve, 2000, \u00ab Les esclaves de Bourbon \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre \u00bb, Revue des Mascareignes, 2, p. 41-62 : 42.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. No recenseamento de 1809, encontramos 11 580 malgaxes em Bourbon, num total de 52 141 escravos, ou seja, 22,2 %<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5856160433361491\" aria-label=\"Recenseamento de janeiro 1809, s.d. s.l. ANOM, COL, C3\/29, p. 94.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Querer\u00e1 isso dizer, ent\u00e3o, que o com\u00e9rcio de escravos diminuiu no tempo? N\u00e3o, mas significa que \u00e9 distintamente diferente do tr\u00e1fico de escravos \u00abcl\u00e1ssico\u00bb realizado no com\u00e9rcio triangular ou na costa oriental da \u00c1frica. Com 1771 expedi\u00e7\u00f5es negreiras para as Mascarenhas, por\u00e9m, o n\u00famero de escravos traficados, mesmo tratando-se de um punhado por navio, poderia ser importante.<\/p>\n<p>Ser\u00e1 dif\u00edcil dar o n\u00famero preciso de escravos malgaxes que teriam sido introduzidos na ilha de Bourbon nesse per\u00edodo. Pensamos que o n\u00famero de escravos malgaxes embarcados na Grande ilha para o conjunto das ilhas Mascarenhas se situar\u00e1 algures entre os 137 289 e os 201 864. Esse n\u00famero engloba a mortalidade (8 %) e a fraude extensiva (estimada entre 10 % e 50 %). \u00c9 prov\u00e1vel que metade desses escravos, entre 68 645 e 100 932, tivessem como destino a ilha de Bourbon.<\/p>\n<h3>Conclus\u00e3o<\/h3>\n<p>As rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais com Madag\u00e1scar foram institu\u00eddas desde a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o de Bourbon por colonos franceses do Fort Dauphin. Embora se tenham iniciado 1648, o tr\u00e1fico franc\u00eas s\u00f3 come\u00e7ou verdadeiramente ap\u00f3s 1718 e durou mais ou menos at\u00e9 1810, continuando a ser praticado mais algumas d\u00e9cadas ilegalmente<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9588821542324893\" aria-label=\"Hubert Gerbeau, 2002, \u00ab L\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien n\u2019est pas l\u2019Atlantique. La traite ill\u00e9gale \u00e0 Bourbon au XIXe si\u00e8cle \u00bb, Revue fran\u00e7aise d\u2019histoire d\u2019outre-mer, 89 (336-337), p. 79-108.\">&nbsp;<\/span>. Vimos que o tr\u00e1fico dos escravos malgaxes em Bourbon se caracterizava por dois elementos. Em primeiro lugar, o tr\u00e1fico legal estava fortemente ligado \u00e0s atividades mar\u00edtimas da \u00cele de France: com efeito, o tr\u00e1fico legal e o tr\u00e1fico ilegal eram praticamente indissoci\u00e1veis. Em segundo lugar, os carregamentos mistos tornavam o com\u00e9rcio com Madag\u00e1scar \u00fanico: as expedi\u00e7\u00f5es transportavam v\u00edveres e escravos.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":5857,"parent":5032,"menu_order":10,"template":"","class_list":["post-5850","documentaire","type-documentaire","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/documentaire\/5850","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/documentaire"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/documentaire"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/documentaire\/5032"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5857"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}