{"id":8632,"date":"2022-06-29T12:00:17","date_gmt":"2022-06-29T10:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/?post_type=documentaire&#038;p=8632"},"modified":"2024-04-18T09:11:54","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T05:11:54","slug":"lo-trafik-ilegal","status":"publish","type":"documentaire","link":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/documentaires\/lo-trafik-bann-zesklav\/lo-trafik-ilegal\/","title":{"rendered":"La tr\u00e8te an-missouk"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>La tr\u00e8te an-missouk bann z\u00e9sklav dann Bourbon 19\u00e8m si\u00e8k<\/h1>\n<h2>Dann listoir bann zil do-sik, Bourbon \u00e8k son voizin Lil Moris i tonbe inp\u00e9 apar\u00a0: dann Zantiy la tr\u00e8te z\u00e9sklav \u00e8k la kann la-d\u00e9vlope an-m\u00e8m-tan dann 18\u00e8m si\u00e8k ; o-kontr\u00e8r bann propri\u00e9t\u00e8r dann zil Maskar\u00e8gn la-d\u00e9vlope poudbon la k\u00fcltir kann \u00e8k lind\u00fcstri do-sik k\u2019i r\u00e9klame z\u00e9sklav an-poundiak, jis kan la tr\u00e8te t\u00e9 int\u00e8rdi, l\u00e9sklavaj t\u00e9 menass\u00e9.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8261026611945226\" aria-label=\"Auguste Toussaint i argarde \u00e7a d\u2019inn mani\u00e8r j\u00e9n\u00e9ral, li \u00e9stime latiranse po la prod\u00fcksyon do-sik l\u00e8t\u00e9 in gran l\u00e9r\u00ebr. (Histoire des \u00eeles Mascareignes, Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1972, 351 p., p. 178).\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 525px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('video');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-8632-1\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" poster=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/poster_gerbeau.jpg\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gerbeau_Creole.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gerbeau_Creole.mp4\">https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Gerbeau_Creole.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<p>N\u00e9na pl\u00fczir r\u00e9zon po \u00e9splike po ko\u00e7a l\u00e9konomi do-sik la-tard\u00e9 po d\u00e9vlop\u00e9 dann Bourbon kissoi po r\u00e9zon nat\u00fcr\u00e8l, sinon\u00e7a po r\u00e9zon politik \u00e8k \u00e9konomik. Lan\u00e9 1789 Saint-Domingue i produi 86 000 tone do-sik. Lil-la l\u00e9 promi\u00e9 prodikt\u00ebr mondial, li vande kaziman toute do-sik i trouve dessi lo marsh\u00e9, m\u00e8m kantit\u00e9 toute bann zil angl\u00e9 ansanm. La r\u00e9volte bann z\u00e9sklav ke la-m\u00e8te Saint-Domingue dann sang, la-d\u00e9boushe dessi lind\u00e9pandanse Ha\u00efti lan\u00e9 1804. D\u2019in kot\u00e9 po konpanse la p\u00e8rte son gran koloni do-sik, la Franse n\u00e9na tr\u00e9p\u00eb d\u2019sol\u00fcsyon ranplasman. D\u2019in ot kot\u00e9 bann massiak siklone la-ravaje Bourbon rantr\u2019 1806-1807 la-pousse bann propri\u00e9t\u00e8r produire do-sik, parlf\u00e8te plante kann, in k\u00fcltir kapab r\u00e9ziste siklone.<\/p>\n<p><figure id=\"attachment_1168\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1168\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-2-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1168\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1168 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-2-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-2-1-300x241.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1168\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do-sik. In <em>B\u00e9b\u00e9 devient savant : suite et compl\u00e9ment des albums : &#8220;B\u00e9b\u00e9 saura bient\u00f4t lire&#8221; et &#8220;B\u00e9b\u00e9 sait lire&#8221;<\/em>, Mme Doudet, Paris, T. Lef\u00e8vre, [s.d.]. L\u00e9stanpe. <br \/>Kol. Bibliot\u00e8k nasyonal la Franse<\/figcaption><\/figure>La tr\u00e8te dann Loss\u00e9an Indien l\u00e9 pa par\u00e8y \u00e7at Latlantik. C\u00e8t-la i tonbe konm in bari\u00e8r jiska lo bann voyaj Colomb. Loss\u00e9an Indien tank-ali, i rogroupe demoun depi mili\u00e9 d\u2019zan\u00e9, kissoi par la tr\u00e8te, sinon\u00e7a par lo kom\u00e8rse, la gu\u00e8r, lavant\u00fcre, lo kroizman bann zid\u00e9, bann kroyanse. Lansi\u00e8nt\u00e9 lo trafik z\u00e9sklav l\u00e9 pl\u00fcs ke s\u00fcr. Lo vativien la mousson, ke lo Gr\u00e8k Hippalos la-f\u00e9 kon\u00e8te depi 1\u00e9 si\u00e8k, i komande lo bann voyaj. Dann-tan liv\u00e8r bor\u00e9al, parla 4 mois dann lan\u00e9, lo vent Nor-L\u00e9st i pousse bann bato i sorte Larabi sinon\u00e7a Nor-Lou\u00e8st Linde, dessi la kote Lou\u00e8st Lafrik. Dann l\u00e9t\u00e9, parla 6 mois dann lan\u00e9, l\u00ebrk lo vent i soufe kot\u00e9 Sud-Lou\u00e8st, bann bato i gaingne artourn\u00e9. Parlf\u00e8te dann gran zone loss\u00e9an-la, la tr\u00e8te z\u00e9sklav l\u00e9gal aou, il\u00e9gal aou i \u00e9gziste depi in bonp\u00e9 d\u2019si\u00e8k, l\u00e9 pa par\u00e8y \u00e7at Latlantik. Bann Zeurop\u00e9in i gaingne f\u00e9 rante zot trafik dann in sist\u00e8m tradisyon\u00e8l. Somank\u00e9 akoz \u00e7a m\u00e8m, l\u00e9 pl\u00fcs fassil po zot inpoze zot bon vouloir, zot nouvot\u00e9. Dann \u00ab sist\u00e8m mil\u00e9n\u00e8r-la \u00bb, bann kolonizat\u00ebr i trouve in bann sossi\u00e9t\u00e9 bien organiz\u00e9 depi lontan. Parkonte dann gran l\u00e9spas-la, bann kolonizat\u00ebr i trouve bann t\u00e8r ou\u00e7a na pwin p\u00e8rsone, konm dann Maskar\u00e8gn, S\u00e9s\u00e8l, alorske Latlantik, in l\u00e9spas-bari\u00e8r, va am\u00e8ne azot dann bann zil, dann in kontinan ou\u00e7a n\u00e9na d\u00e9ja demoun i vive.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1170\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1170\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-3-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1170\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1170 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-3-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-3-1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-3-1-300x231.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1170\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karte Congo \u00e8k p\u00e9i bann Kaf. Guillaume Delisle. Lan\u00e9 1708. L\u00e9stanpe. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>J. de V. Allen i di bien dan lo p\u00ebpleman loss\u00e9an Indien n\u00e9na troi sourse : lo promi\u00e9 la-f\u00e9 n\u00e9ssance ansanm lo bann migrasyon, par \u00e9gzanp ostron\u00e9zien, lontan t\u00e9 i ap\u00e8le malayo-polin\u00e9zien. Lo deuzi\u00e8m l\u00e9 mark\u00e9 \u00e8k linfl\u00fcanse k\u00fcltir\u00e8l i sorte dan lo<br \/>\nsou-kontinan indien, lo troizi\u00e8m l\u00e9 amar\u00e9 ansanm lislam. H.N. Chittick-li, i \u00e9stime loss\u00e9an Indien t\u00e9 lo pl\u00fcs gran <em>continuum culturel<\/em> dann lo monde-anti\u00e9, po lo 15 promi\u00e9 si\u00e8k listoir \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.10854257736321393\" aria-label=\"Po \u00e7ak i v\u00eb plus zinformasyon, al\u00e9 voir lo trava\u00efy l\u2019UNESCO la-komand\u00e9, \u00e9pila la-pr\u00e9zante trava\u00efy-la in r\u00e9nyon z\u00e9ksp\u00e8r laba Aiyti : \u201cLa traite esclavagiste dans l'oc\u00e9an Indien du XVe au XIXe si\u00e8cle ; probl\u00e8mes pos\u00e9s \u00e0 l'historien, recherches \u00e0 entreprendre\u201d, 1975, 39 p. dactyl. (paru dans Histoire G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Afrique, Etudes et Documents, vol. 2, La Traite n\u00e9gri\u00e8re du XVe au XIXe si\u00e8cle, Paris, UNESCO, 1979, p. 194-217. Zot i p\u00eb ossi, al\u00e9 voir lo bann tradiksyon l\u2019UNESCO la-komand\u00e9).\">&nbsp;<\/span> La violanse dessi bann z\u00e9sklav l\u00e9 in sourse divizion. Soman li l\u00e9 ossi in morsso dan lo <em>continuum culturel<\/em>, konm in gat\u00fcr. La tr\u00e8te, l\u00e9 in bless\u00fcr po la sivilizasyon, m\u00e8m-tan in markaj sivilazasyon-la. Jordi n\u2019i artrouve toujour son trasse dan la sossi\u00e9t\u00e9, kissoi dan la lang, kissoi dan la rolijion, sinon\u00e7a dan lo manj\u00e9, dann in takon d\u2019zaf\u00e8r.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1172\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1172\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-4-4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1172\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1172 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-4-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-4-4.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-4-4-300x210.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1172\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slaves on their Way to the coast. Litografi. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 de Vill\u00e8le. Fon Michel Pol\u00e9nyk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>N\u00e9na in bonp\u00e9 z\u00e9sk\u00fcz po done r\u00e9zon la tr\u00e8te \u00e8k l\u00e9sklavaj. Lo p\u00e8re Labat la-\u00e9krire, Louis XIII \u00ab t\u00e9 gaingne pa aks\u00e8pte fassilman lid\u00e9 ke kolon bann zil nav\u00e9 z\u00e9sklav (\u2026) jiska-tank la-amontre al\u00fc, s\u00fcr-\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin l\u00e9t\u00e9 lo s\u00ebl moyen po bann Zafrikin kon\u00e8te lo vr\u00e9 Bondi\u00e9.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.2390896712765408\" aria-label=\"Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de l'Am\u00e9rique, 1722\">&nbsp;<\/span> Louis XVI tan-k\u2019ali l\u00e9 pl\u00fcs front\u00e9, li porte pl\u00fcs atansyon lo bann val\u00ebr pratik lo kristianisse pl\u00fcto k\u2019son val\u00ebr roliji\u00e9, kan li aprouve lo rapor la-anvoye po lo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr la Gwiyan : \u00ab La rolijion i p\u00eb tonbe konm in frin po bann z\u00e9sklav, tro miz\u00e8r dann l\u00e9sklavaj, m\u00e9soman san-k\u00e8r, san-onte, san p\u00ebr shabouk \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.4976089411578781\" aria-label=\"Archives Nationales d\u2019Outre-Mer, Aix-en-Provence (ANOM), Col. F 3\/71, p. 95, m\u00e9moire du roi au gouverneur de la Martinique, 25 janvier 1765.\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\nDelabarre de Nanteuil tan-k\u2019ali, i m\u00e8te an-promi\u00e9 lo klima : \u00ab I kon\u00e9 bien bann Zerop\u00e9in l\u00e9 riskab mor si zot i trava\u00efye la t\u00e8r dessou gro sol\u00e8y, na rienk bann Noir i gaingne f\u00e9 \u00e7a, sirtou \u00e7at i vive dann p\u00e9i kost\u00e9 sanm L\u00e9kouat\u00ebr \u00bb. Ondir\u00e9 li l\u00e9 pa kontr\u2019 done in trava\u00efy agrikol bann Noir libr\u2019 i sorte dann bann p\u00e9i-la, m\u00e9-soman li ropran ossi in kozman li la-trouve dan l\u2019<em>Essai de Statistique de l\u2019\u00eele Bourbon<\/em> de Thomas : Demoun i trava\u00efye rienk par rapor son bezoin \u00e8k son bann proj\u00e9. Lo Noir na pwin d\u2019proj\u00e9, la pa bezoin granshoz . L\u00e8sse ali, li f\u00e9 pa rien (\u2026) po li f\u00e9 in trava\u00efy i fo li l\u00e9 oblij\u00e9, i fo in moun i komande ali \u00bb. Po fini Nanteuil i d\u00e9klare : \u00ab Po \u00e7a m\u00e8m, s\u00fcrman, demoun la-f\u00e9 la koloni la-adopte l\u00e9sklavaj \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.7352081992776999\" aria-label=\"Comte Auguste Delabarre de Nanteuil, L\u00e9gislation de l\u2019\u00eele Bourbon, Paris, J.-B. Gros, 1844, 3 t. XV-616, 672 et 504 p. (D. de N. 2, p. 89-90). \">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\nL\u00e9 s\u00fcr, dan lo S\u00fcd-Lou\u00e8st loss\u00e9an Indien, bann lint\u00e8rdiksyon la tr\u00e8te, la-prande rienk tanzantan dann 17\u00e8m si\u00e8k, nav\u00e9 pwin tro d\u2019r\u00e9zulta. La rolijion, lo klima, l\u00e9konomi, tou\u00e7a-la i done bann trafikan, bann propri\u00e9t\u00e8r, in takon d\u2019r\u00e9zon po pa \u00e9koute lo bann komandman. Lo konportman bann zotorit\u00e9, kissoi ladministasyon, kissoi larm\u00e9, konm la j\u00fcstisse, t\u00e9 pl\u00fcto rantr\u2019 deu. Lo bann t\u00e8ks la loi t\u00e9 pa adapt\u00e9 ditou po f\u00e9 la r\u00e9pr\u00e9syon, t\u00e9 i manke moyen ossi. Toute \u00e7at t\u00e9 i doi l\u00fcte kontr\u2019 lo bann trafikan, pa tro s\u00fcr zot droi, la-pr\u00e9f\u00e8re l\u00e8sse-koul\u00e9 sinon\u00e7a tonbe konplisse. I p\u00eb f\u00e9 in bilan si i baze dessi lo kozman demoun pl\u00fcs \u00e9kl\u00e9r\u00e9<br \/>\nl\u00e9pok-la. A-d\u2019mand\u00e9 si bann shanjman politik \u00e8k l\u00e9jislatif inpoz\u00e9 dann Maskar\u00e8gn, komansman 19\u00e8m si\u00e8k, t\u00e9 i sar shanje lo probl\u00e8m, lo mani\u00e8r-f\u00e9 demoun kons\u00e8rn\u00e9 ?<\/p>\n<p>N\u2019i remarke m\u00e8m dann l\u00e9pok la tr\u00e8te l\u00e9gal, nav\u00e9 bato t\u00e9 i f\u00e9 trafik an-missouk po pl\u00fczir r\u00e9zon, kissoi p\u00fcblik \u2014 par \u00e9gzanp fiskal, diplomatik \u2014 kissoi priv\u00e9, konm in d\u00e9sakor rantr\u2019 bann larmat\u00ebr, subr\u00e9karg, kapit\u00e8ne. Anpl\u00fcs tanzantan, n\u00e9na d\u00e9stinasyon l\u00e9 int\u00e8rdi kissoi par bann zotorit\u00e9 lo p\u00e9i i vande z\u00e9sklav, kissoi par \u00e7at lo p\u00e9i lanbarkman. C. Wanquet i \u00e9krire, dann 18\u00e8m si\u00e8k \u00ab lint\u00e8rdiksyon nav\u00e9 tanzantan po bann bato partik\u00fcli\u00e9 kontin\u00fc\u00e9 f\u00e9 la tr\u00e8te malgash l\u00e9t\u00e9 pa r\u00e9sp\u00e9kt\u00e9 \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.4542766472394939\" aria-label=\"Histoire d'une R\u00e9volution. La R\u00e9union 1789-1803, Marseille, J. Laffitte, 1980-1984, 3 t., 779, 514, 622 p. (l\u00e9disyon inn t\u00e8z doktora d\u2019\u00e9ta dirij\u00e9 par Jean-Louis Mi\u00e8ge, V-2211 p. dactyl., t\u00e9 i porte lo m\u00e8m titr\u2019. L\u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9zant\u00e9 Aix-en-Provence, dovan in j\u00fcri pr\u00e9zid\u00e9 par Michel Mollat du Jourdin lo 29 m\u00e9 1978), cf. t.1, p. 48. Lot\u00ebr i site inn l\u00e8te l\u00e9t\u00e9 anvoy\u00e9 lo minisse lo 24 s\u00e9ktanm 1777 ou\u00e7a i p\u00eb lire \u201cmalgr\u00e9 lo Roi t\u00e9 i interdi la tr\u00e8te bann Noir Madagaskar, toute bann bato t\u00e9 i sorte laba t\u00e9 i ram\u00e8ne z\u00e9sklav malgash \u00bb.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Sur-\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin dann Bourbon, \u00ab zan\u00e9 1769-1793 l\u00e9t\u00e9 lo gran l\u00e9pok la tr\u00e8te \u00bb : t\u00e9 possib nav\u00e9 jiska 3000 z\u00e9sklav t\u00e9 i arive toul\u00e9zan. Soman i kon\u00e9 pa bien lo vr\u00e9 kantit\u00e9 akoz l\u00e9t\u00e9 difissil \u00e9val\u00fc\u00e9 la tr\u00e8te malgash kan t\u00e9 int\u00e8rdi po bann partik\u00fcli\u00e9.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5923855579961376\" aria-label=\"C. Wanquet, ibid.\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A. Toussaint i romarke in ot partik\u00fclarit\u00e9 dessi la tr\u00e8te l\u00e9pok fin 18\u00e8m-komansman 19\u00e8m : \u00ab La tr\u00e8te dann Maskar\u00e8gn t\u00e9<br \/>\no-pl\u00fc-for l\u00e9pok la <em>R\u00e9volution<\/em> \u00e8k <em>l\u2019Empire<\/em>. S\u00fcrtou akoz la gu\u00e8r po lo ravitayman, bann zil-la l\u00e9t\u00e9 izol\u00e9 par rapor la Franse, zot t\u00e9 i gaingne pa trouve par zot m\u00e8m, \u00e7ak zot nav\u00e9 bezoin. Lo bann marshan an-d\u00e9or (Am\u00e9rikin, Danoi) t\u00e9 i vien ash\u00e8te lo b\u00fctin, \u00e9pila ravita\u00efye bann kors\u00e8r. Rantr\u2019 1793-1810, 104 kors\u00e8r la-souke 304 bato, zot m\u00e8m la-p\u00e8rde rienk 31 bato. Lo pl\u00fcs renom\u00e9 l\u00e9t\u00e9 Robert Surcouf, ali touss\u00ebl li la-trape 47 bato. Tanzantan li t\u00e9 i f\u00e9 ossi la tr\u00e8te z\u00e9sklav.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1174\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1174\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-5-4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1174\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1174 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-5-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"761\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-5-4.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-5-4-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-5-4-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-5-4-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1174\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robert Surcouf. P. Sellier. 19\u00e8m si\u00e8k L\u00e9stanpe, \u00e8k la koul\u00e8r, lakouar\u00e8l. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La R\u00e9nyon la pa angaje bonp\u00e9 kors\u00e8r, inn diz\u00e8ne parla, soman \u00e8l la-jou\u00e9 in gran rol. \u00c8l t\u00e9 i fourni toultan manj\u00e9, \u00e9pila<br \/>\ntir\u00ebr-d\u00e9lite t\u00e9 i ap\u00e8le \u00ab volont\u00e8r Bourbon \u00bb. Kan bann bato zangl\u00e9 t\u00e9 i bloke Lil de Franse, bann kors\u00e8r Port-Louis t\u00e9 i sove Bourbon \u00e8k zot b\u00fctin \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.3543035008759573\" aria-label=\"A. Toussaint, Histoire des corsaires, Paris, PUF, \u201cQue sais-je ?\u201d, 1978, 128 p., p. 85-86.<br \/>\nC\u00e9 lo bann zatak kors\u00e8r ke la-f\u00e9 d\u00e9sside bann Britanik m\u00e8te la min dessi bann zil Maskar\u00e8gn. Cf. aussi : \u201cPirates et corsaires dans l'Oc\u00e9an Indien\u201d, Colloque de San Francisco sur \u201cCourse et piraterie\u201d, fascicule II, Paris, Commission internationale d\u2019Histoire Maritime, 1975, p. 766-784. (I trouve kom\u00fcnikasyon-la dann \u201cCourse et piraterie\u201d dans l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien\u201d, p. 702-817. I p\u00eb artrouve bann zartik A. Toussaint, G. Bouchon, C. Wanquet et P.A. de Wilde. Pour la traite cf. passim).\">&nbsp;<\/span> \u00c7ak n\u2019i rap\u00e8le s\u00fcrtou c\u00e9 bann kors\u00e8r t\u00e9 i done lo shok bann Britanik, soman zot t\u00e9 i f\u00e9 pa rienk<br \/>\n\u00e7a-m\u00e8m.<\/p>\n<p>Bann Britanik la-kale Lil Bourbon lo 9 juiy\u00e9 1810 apartir, \u00e9pila Lil de Franse lo 3 d\u00e9ssanm m\u00e8m lan\u00e9. Apr\u00e9\u00e7a lo 14 m\u00e9 1811 zot la- \u00e9ssaye m\u00e8te an-plasse lo d\u00e9kr\u00e9 1807 po d\u00e9fande f\u00e9 la tr\u00e8te dann Maskar\u00e8gn.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1214\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1214\" style=\"width: 1707px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-6-7.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1214\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1214 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-6-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1707\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-6-7.jpg 1707w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-6-7-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-6-7-768x306.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-6-7-1024x408.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1214\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The slave trade in East Africa, ships of the British and German Blockading Fleets. <br \/>In <em>The Graphic<\/em>, january 19, lan\u00e9 1889, p. 56. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le. Fon Michel Pol\u00e9nyk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00c7ak i r\u00e9sp\u00e8kte pa lint\u00e8rdiksyon-la l\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9klar\u00e9 \u00ab konm tr\u00e8tr, l\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9port\u00e9 dann koloni po 14 zan\u00e9 o-pl\u00fcs, sinon\u00e7a anprizon\u00e9 rantr\u2019 3-5 zan\u00e9 po f\u00e9 trava\u00efy fors\u00e9\u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.056389793872932636\" aria-label=\"D. de N. 3, p. 372.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Lo bann mois an-suivan lint\u00e8rdiksyon-la la pa rode trape bann tr\u00e8tr-la, po vr\u00e9man.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1178\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1178\" style=\"width: 895px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-7-15.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1178\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1178 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-7-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"895\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-7-15.jpg 895w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-7-15-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-7-15-768x436.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1178\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The East African slave trade: examination of captured slaves in the british consul-general&#8217;s court at Zanzibar. 17\/12\/1881. L\u00e8stanpe. In <em>The illustrated London News<\/em>, 17 d\u00e9ssanm 1881. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le. Fon Michel Pol\u00e9nyk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Konm i artrouve dann lank\u00e8te bann komiss\u00e8r lav\u00e9 anvoye Moris rantr\u2019 1826-1828, la tr\u00e8te kissoi l\u00e9gal, pa l\u00e9gal i kontin\u00fc\u00e9 m\u00e8m akoz lo bann moyen l\u00e9 tro f\u00e8b. Toute i kontinu\u00e9, par lo l\u00e9ss\u00e9-f\u00e8re sinon\u00e7a la konplissit\u00e9 bann zotorit\u00e9, m\u00e9 ossi na-d\u2019foi, akoz lo voizinaj Bourbon.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8897066752961451\" aria-label=\"Archives Nationales de l'\u00eele Maurice, i ap\u00e8le ossi Mauritius Archives (AM) IA, 11. 5, Report..., .\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\nLo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr i bataye sanm lo bann majistra akoz zot i ref\u00fcze kondane demoun pri an-flagran-d\u00e9li, soidizan po r\u00e9zon l\u2019<em>Abolition Act<\/em> George III, l\u00e9t\u00e9 pa ni p\u00fcbly\u00e9 ni anrojistr\u00e9 dann Bourbon.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.6990357778320313\" aria-label=\"A.G. Field, The Expedition to Mauritius in 1810 and the establishment of British control, thesis, M. A. (dactyl.), London, 1931, p. 98.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Soman lo 14 janvi\u00e9 1813 bann trib\u00fcnal Moris l\u00e9 oblij\u00e9 f\u00e9 lanrojistreman-la. Lo 2 f\u00e9vry\u00e9 1813 Port-Louis i anvoye in lordre po \u00ab dor\u00e9navan, oblije bann komiss\u00e8r sivil suive lo mani\u00e8r-f\u00e9 po trouve toute zinfraksyon la loi dessi labolisyon lo kom\u00e8rse bann Noir \u00bb dann Bourbon.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.4004378219696857\" aria-label=\"Zarchiv d\u00e9partmantal La R\u00e9nyon ADR, L 484, lettre de Smith, \u201cGrand juge\u201d, au commissaire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Bourbon.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Soman dann Bourbon, mois d\u2019juiy\u00e9 1813 ankor inn foi, lo trib\u00fcnal <em>premi\u00e8re instance<\/em> i ref\u00fcze j\u00fcje lo ka in bato t\u00e9 i transporte z\u00e9sklav, soidizan po r\u00e9zon bann tribunal Bourbon lav\u00e9 pa anrogistr\u00e9 la loi i int\u00e8rdi la tr\u00e8te. Lo mois d\u2019novanm la<em> Cour d\u2019Appel<\/em> i aprouve d\u00e9ssizion-la.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8300897457474727\" aria-label=\"AM, IA, 11. 5, Report...., p. 12. Cf. aussi A.G. Field, The Expedition to Mauritius in 1810 ..., op. cit., p. 98.\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Kanm\u00e8m-\u00e7a dann Lil Bourbon i komanse m\u00e8te an-plasse la r\u00e9pr\u00e9syon, soman \u00e7at i doi p\u00fcnir l\u00e9 pa tro regardan, i f\u00e9 \u00e7a<br \/>\nti-dousman, kissoi po s\u00e9zi lo bann bato, kissoi po bann p\u00e8rkizisyon, sinon\u00e7a zar\u00e9stasyon. Tou\u00e7a-la i kontinu\u00e9 f\u00e9 n\u00e8te prot\u00e9stasyon bann moun kons\u00e8rn\u00e9, \u00e9pila bann majistra. Konm po lo ka la go\u00e9l\u00e8te <em>Jos\u00e9phine<\/em> : lo bato \u00e8k lo bann Noir \u00ab\u00a0supoz\u00e9 d\u00e9bark\u00e9 \u00bb l\u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9zi. Lo prok\u00fcr\u00ebr Virieux i \u00e9stime \u00ab zar\u00e9stasyon-la l\u00e9 ir\u00e9guili\u00e9, l\u00e9 inj\u00fcste \u00bb, po li \u00e7a la-komanse mois d\u00e9ssanm 1813 dann Bourbon, \u00e9pila i f\u00e9 ankor.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.35068998099802395\" aria-label=\"AM, SA 1, in rapor dat\u00e9 Port-Louis, lo 25 f\u00e9vriy\u00e9 1814, p. 7-29.\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1184\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1184\" style=\"width: 844px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-8-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1184\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1184 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-8-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"844\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-8-1.jpg 844w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-8-1-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-8-1-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1184\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blockade on the east coast of Africa : overhauling the papers of a suspicious dhow. Lan\u00e9 1889. L\u00e9stanpe. In The <em>Illustration London News<\/em>, Feb. 9, lan\u00e9 1889. P. 176-177. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Lescouble i rakonte 2 kapt\u00fcre bann n\u00e9gri\u00e9 mois d\u00e9ssanm 1814, po in r\u00e9zulta pa fam\u00eb ditou : \u00ab Le <em>Maguenette<\/em> la-souke lo bato Suzor t\u00e9 i komande \u00e8k son kargu\u00e9zon z\u00e9sklav. La-ar\u00e8te ali. Son segon, in kr\u00e9ol Bourbon, la-shape ansanm la jole. Larmat\u00ebr Falmon la-\u00e9vad\u00e9, nav\u00e9 in r\u00e9konpanse 2000 piastr\u2019 po \u00e7at t\u00e9 i artrouve ali. D\u00e8rni\u00e9-tan korv\u00e8te-la la-ar\u00e8te ankor in ot bato,<br \/>\nla-am\u00e8ne ali Sin-Pol, soman la-largue ali toudsuite\u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.968292076165038\" aria-label=\"ADR, 1 J 19\/3, \u201cJournal d\u2019un colon (...)\u201d, 15 d\u00e9cembre 1814. I p\u00eb ossi ans\u00e8rve l\u00e9dysion L\u2019Harmattan lan\u00e9 1990, \u00ab Jean-Baptiste Renoyal de Lescouble, Journal d'un colon de l'\u00eele Bourbon \u00bb - pr\u00e9zant\u00e9 par Norbert Dodille - 3 vol., XL-1501 p. + 24 p. de pl. Somank\u00e9 akoz in mov\u00e9 l\u00e9kt\u00fcr, dann troi livr\u2019-la, n\u00e9na deu-troi l\u00e9r\u00ebr par rapor lo t\u00e8ks lorijine. Par \u00e9gzanp \u201cnoirs\u201d i tonbe \u201cNoirs\u201d, \u201cattrapp\u00e9\u201d i vire en \u201cattrap\u00e9\u201d, \u201cle cours de ventre\u201d i transforme san-f\u00e9-\u00e9kspr\u00e9 en \u201cescars de ventre\u201d).\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1186\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1186\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-9-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1186\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1186 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-9-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-9-2.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-9-2-300x203.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1186\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bato n\u00e9gri\u00e9 antrin d\u2019sov\u00e9, antrin d\u2019j\u00e8te la m\u00e8r bann z\u00e9sklav. Morel-Fatio. Harrison. 1844. Impression. <br \/>In <em>Le Magasin pittoresque<\/em>, 1844, P. 52. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Bann zasht\u00ebr konm bann n\u00e9gri\u00e9 n\u00e9na in tral\u00e9 d\u2019konbine. Lescouble i pr\u00e9ssize koman la tr\u00e8te l\u00e9t\u00e9 po vr\u00e9man, konmsi li marke pa \u00e7a dann son \u00ab Journal\u2026 \u00bb pl\u00fcs par jeu ke par p\u00ebr la loi. Par-gou po lo sekr\u00e9 sinon\u00e7a po pa tra\u00efr in prosh, i ans\u00e8rve in kodaj inpossib konprande po marke d\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin trafik. D\u2019ot fois l\u00e9 pl\u00fcs fassil konprande : i ap\u00e8le bann kaptif \u00ab dinit\u00e8r \u00bb, sinon\u00e7a \u00ab l\u00e9g\u00fcme \u00bb (kanbar), pl\u00fcsouvan \u00ab b\u00e8f \u00bb. Bann n\u00e9gri\u00e9 i pr\u00e9tan transporte zanimo, soman nadfoi zot i oublie zot la-di \u00e7a, alorse kan zot i d\u00e9klare transporte b\u00e8f, i d\u00e9buske azot, l\u00ebrk zot la-ramasse in dok\u00fcman ou\u00e7a l\u00e9 mark\u00e9 zot la-ash\u00e8te la toile po abiye lo soidizan zanimo. In zistoir konm \u00e7a m\u00e8m la-arive Caussade, kapit\u00e8ne <em>l\u2019\u00c9ole<\/em>. Konm li la \u00ab pa trouve b\u00e8f Madagaskar \u00bb, li \u00e9krire dann son \u00ab Journal navigasyon \u00bb li artourne Bourbon \u00ab san kargu\u00e9zon \u00bb. Landmin, lo m\u00e8m journal i di \u00ab la-f\u00e9 d\u2019ronde dan la kal bato po konte bann b\u00e8f \u00bb. Inn l\u00e8te s\u00e9zi i kons\u00e8rne lo m\u00e8m voiyaj, i konfirme ko\u00e7a l\u00e9t\u00e9 lo vr\u00e9 kargu\u00e9zon : l\u00e9 mark\u00e9 \u00ab M. Bourdon i doi 63 piastr\u2019 po lo transpor 3 b\u00e8f \u00e8k j\u00e9nisse, 2,50 piastr\u2019 po lo linj la-done azot kan zot la-ariv\u00e9 \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9013563852107535\" aria-label=\"ADR, U 1502, Registre des arr\u00eats du Conseil sp\u00e9cial de R\u00e9vision, p. 69, n\u00e9na d\u2019z\u00e9kstr\u00e9 lo journal-de-bor l\u2019Eole i date rantr\u2019 lo 10-12 oktob 1818 , \u00e9pila inn l\u00e8te sign\u00e9 Dupont, dat\u00e9 Sin-Pol lo 22 oktob 1818. Parlf\u00e8te lo kons\u00e8y la-refuze prononse la konfiskasyon, \u201cakoz nav\u00e9 pwin d\u2019s\u00e9zi kan bato la-d\u00e9bark\u00e9, d\u2019pross\u00e9 v\u00e8rbal lo s\u00e9zi nonpli, konm la loi la Douane 22 oute 1791 t\u00e9 i oblije\u201d.\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\nD\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin n\u00e9gri\u00e9, k\u2019lav\u00e9 p\u00ebr in kondanasyon dann Lil Moris, t\u00e9 i anprofite po vni kashi\u00e8te Bourbon. Pl\u00fczir zan\u00e9 apr\u00e9 i rakonte \u00e7a ankor po in d\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin Salmon, \u00ab propri\u00e9t\u00e8r in bato t\u00e9 i ap\u00e8le l\u2019Agla\u00e9 \u00bb : t\u00e9 i ak\u00fcze ali transporte \u00ab 164 n\u00e8g \u00bb, lan\u00e9 1814, apr\u00e9\u00e7a li lav\u00e9 kale Bourbon.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5957598971547816\" aria-label=\"ADR, 56 M 8, l\u00e8te anvoy\u00e9 par Darling, gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr p. i. Moris, po lo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr Bourbon, 21 juin 1819.\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00ab Bann d\u00e9nonsiasyon i kons\u00e8rne bann Noir soidizan nouvo \u00bb i p\u00eb arive \u00ab toultan po la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, sinon\u00e7a akoz la m\u00e9shanst\u00e9 \u00bb. Parlf\u00e8te la volont\u00e9 lok\u00fcpan britanik n\u00e9na po trape \u00e7at i r\u00e9sp\u00e8kte pa la loi, tanzantan i d\u00e9ssote l\u00e9 borne la l\u00e9galit\u00e9. Antoul\u00e9ka \u00e7ak ladministrasyon \u00e8k la j\u00fcstisse i pr\u00e9tan r\u00e9sp\u00e8kt\u00e9, parsk son bann zanploy\u00e9 frans\u00e9 i rogarde pl\u00fcs lo t\u00e8ks ke l\u00e9spri la loi. Lo komiss\u00e8r la j\u00fcstisse i rakonte koman in d\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin major Bayly la-konfonde z\u00e9sklav maron ansanm Noir nouvo, li la-d\u00e9sside son touss\u00ebl f\u00e9 in bann p\u00e9rkizisyon \u00e8k in s\u00e9zi il\u00e9gal.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.30674186126464\" aria-label=\"ADR L 484 : \u201c1810-1815. Esclavage (...)\u201d, Ozoux \u00e0 Pitois, 20 janvier 1815. \">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Lo 30 m\u00e9 1814, lo promi\u00e9 tr\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019Paris la-d\u00e9sside rande Lil Bourbon la Franse. Lo 6 avriy 1815 bann Britanik i kite Bourbon. Lo nouvo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr Bouvet de Lozier, i arprande poss\u00e9syon d\u2019lil po la Franse. Li sar gouv\u00e8rne Bourbon jiska 1817.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.965492306420773\" aria-label=\"A. Scherer, Guide des archives de la R\u00e9union, Saint-Denis, R\u00e9union, Impr. Cazal, 1974, 84 p., p. 77. Bouvet l\u00e9 mar\u00e9chal de camp, in grade jordi i ap\u00e8le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de brigade.\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1249\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1249\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-10-4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1249\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"taille-initiale wp-image-1249 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-10-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-10-4.jpg 411w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-10-4-220x300.jpg 220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1249\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portr\u00e9 Bouvet de Lozier, lo buste, 3\/4 tourn\u00e9 kot\u00e9 gosh dann in lovale. Hubert. 19e si\u00e8cle. L\u00e9stanpe. <br \/>Kol. Bibliot\u00e8k nasyonal la Franse<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>5 sem\u00e8n avan, lo 1\u00e9 mars, Napol\u00e9on i d\u00e9barke Golfe-Juan, lo 20 li arprande lo pouvoir Paris. Kan la nouv\u00e8l lo roi Louis XVIII i artrouve son trone i arive dann Maskar\u00e8gn, bann Britanik i renonse atake Bourbon.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.3934667328475092\" aria-label=\"Auguste Brunet Trois Cents Ans de Colonisation. La R\u00e9union (Ancienne \u00eele Bourbon), Paris, Editions de l'Empire Fran\u00e7ais, 1948, 178 p., p. 120. \">&nbsp;<\/span> D\u00e8k lo roi i arvien, li prom\u00e9 done la min bann Zangl\u00e9, po k\u2019toute bann p\u00e9i kr\u00e9tien i ar\u00e8te f\u00e9 la tr\u00e8te bann Noir.<br \/>\nLan\u00e9 1815 apartir bann zaksyon lokal i f\u00e9 gate lo bann relasyon rantr\u2019 lo 2 zile. Parlf\u00e8te zot i tonbe z\u00e9nmi, zot l\u00e9 an-d\u00e9zacor akoz la pr\u00e9zanse inn-\u00e9-l\u2019ot Madagaskar. La tr\u00e8te dan la <em>Grand\u2019Ile<\/em> i done lo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr in r\u00e9zon po afirme ankor pl\u00fcs son bann droi dessi lo kontoir la Franse dann Madagaskar.<\/p>\n<p>La tr\u00e8te il\u00e9gal Bourbon 19\u00e8m si\u00e8k l\u00e9t\u00e9 vr\u00e9man in probl\u00e8m l\u00e9pok la <em>Restauration<\/em> \u00e9pila komansman <em>la monarchie de Juillet<\/em>. Si l\u00e9pok-la la kann lav\u00e9 pa d\u00e9vlope tanksa, nor\u00e9 \u00e9t\u00e9 in-ot af\u00e8r. D\u00e9vlopman-la l\u00e9 pa rienk in kons\u00e9kanse la tr\u00e8te, l\u00e9 ossi akoz \u00e7a \u00e8l la-kontin\u00fc\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9na 5 por la m\u00e9tropole la-anvoye shakin in bato n\u00e9gri\u00e9 : Bordeaux, Honfleur, Marseille, Paimbeuf \u00e8k Saint-Malo. Nantes lo promi\u00e9 por n\u00e9gri\u00e9 la-anvoye 10 ali touss\u00ebl.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9147952950036188\" aria-label=\"Lo ka Apollon, la-vn\u00fc Orph\u00e9e, i amontre po vr\u00e9man koman bann nant\u00e9 t\u00e9 i f\u00e9 la tr\u00e8te : zot t\u00e9 i fione (shanjman d\u2019nom, d\u00e9stinasyon, dok\u00fcman po f\u00e9 kroire la bann \u201cNoir\u201d c\u00e9 d\u2019\u201cb\u00e8f\u201d), la longu\u00ebr bann voyaj, lo kantit\u00e9 bann \u201ckargu\u00e9zon\u201d (511 z\u00e9sklav), somank\u00e9 la rosh\u00e8rsh larjan int\u00e8rnasyonal (r\u00f4le d\u2019Anvers).\u201d\">&nbsp;<\/span> Pl\u00fczir bato n\u00e9gri\u00e9 t\u00e9 i sorte dann S\u00fcd Lou\u00e8st loss\u00e9an Indien : 1 depi Zanzibar, 1\u00a0Mozanbik, 6 Moris.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.2172940044207986\" aria-label=\"Sasp\u00eb i gaingne rajoute Sinte-Mari Madagaskar, la Bacchante t\u00e9 i sorte pti lil-la, in bann zofisy\u00e9 frans\u00e9 l\u00e9t\u00e9 may\u00e9 dann in zaf\u00e8r d\u2019tr\u00e8te bato-la t\u00e9 i f\u00e9.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Lo pl\u00fcs gran kantit\u00e9 i sorte Bourbon : 79 d\u00e9par l\u00e9 s\u00fcr-\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin, 2 l\u00e9 pa vr\u00e9man s\u00fcr.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.16208952215357653\" aria-label=\"Parlf\u00e8te n'i gaingne in total 148 d\u00e9par, an-ndan-la somank\u00e9 n\u00e9na lo 3 d\u00e9par, 2 po Bourbon, 1 po Sinte-Mari Madagaskar. Soman i konte pa lo d\u00e9par la Sylphe, ke la-kite Pointapitre po f\u00e9 inn tr\u00e8te po ram\u00e8ne 400 z\u00e9sklav jiska la Gwadloup. Kan bato-la l\u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9zi, la-oblije lo n\u00e9gri\u00e9 lib\u00e8re bann Noir en Afrik, \u00e9pila al\u00e9 Bourbon.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Po 48 d\u00e9par, i kon\u00e9 pa ou\u00e7a zot i sorte.<br \/>\nL\u00e9 s\u00fcr pl\u00fcpar-d\u2019tan, bann propri\u00e9t\u00e8r Bourbon zot m\u00e8m i angaje lo bann bato, akoz dann Lil n\u00e9na propri\u00e9t\u00e8r bato, n\u00e9na ossi demoun po f\u00e9 l\u00e9kipaj.<\/p>\n<p>Dapr\u00e9 \u00e7ak d\u00e9-s\u00e8rtin konm Misson i \u00e9krire, i pour\u00e9 kroir lo b\u00e9n\u00e9fisse la tr\u00e8te l\u00e9 kons\u00e9kan. Soman i fo pa oublie ke dann Madagaskar nav\u00e9 pirate depi la fin 17\u00e8m jiska d\u00e9b\u00fc 18\u00e8m si\u00e8k. Dapr\u00e9 Misson, lo pirate provansal la-fonde la \u00ab r\u00e9p\u00fcblik \u00bb Lib\u00e8rtalia dan la b\u00e9 Diego-Suarez, la tr\u00e8te i raporte bien : \u00ab 1 z\u00e9sklav i koute 750-1250 livre dann Barbade, tandik dann Madagaskar \u00e8k in douz\u00e8ne livre ou i p\u00eb ash\u00e8te tank ou i v\u00eb. N\u2019i p\u00eb gaingne in gran kosto po in vi\u00eb linge\u201d.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.01878189226171978\" aria-label=\"I trouve sitasyon-la dan lo livr III ( 1640-1716) Collection des ouvrages anciens concernant Madagascar, Alfred \u00e8k Guillaume Grandidier, Paris, 1905, p. 511. I artrouve ossi dann in t\u00e8ks Jean Michel Filliot (\u201cPirates et corsaires dans l'Oc\u00e9an Indien\u201d, Colloque de San Francisco sur \u201cCourse et piraterie\u201d, fascicule II. Paris, 1975, p. 766-784). Ali m\u00e8m lav\u00e9 shanje lo mo \u201clivres\u201d par lo mo \u201cfrancs\u201d dann son livr\u2019 : La Traite des esclaves vers les Mascareignes au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, Paris, ORSTOM. 1974, 274 p. (p. 119).\">&nbsp;<\/span> Dann Bourbon lil a-kot\u00e9, bann pirate i livre zot m\u00e8m marshandiz \u00e8k z\u00e9sklav.<br \/>\nC. Wanquet i \u00e9tudie lo ranforsman la r\u00e9pr\u00e9syon k\u2019l\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9ssid\u00e9 lan\u00e9 1796, in l\u00e9pok pl\u00fcs pr\u00e9 <em>la Restauration<\/em>. Li \u00e9stime \u00ab\u00a0l\u00e9jislasyon-la l\u00e9 pa a-fi\u00e9, akoz bann profi lo trafik an-missouk l\u00e9 pl\u00fcs for k\u2019tou lo r\u00e8ste\u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.8889063243177059\" aria-label=\" Histoire d'une R\u00e9volution..., t. 3, p. 113.\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\nOlivier P\u00e9tr\u00e9-Grenouilleau i \u00e9krire : \u00ab Dessi la k\u00e9stion rantabilit\u00e9 la tr\u00e8te, in bann shif \u00e9gzaj\u00e9r\u00e9 t\u00e9 i antan partou, la-r\u00e9pande lid\u00e9 bann b\u00e9n\u00e9fisse t\u00e9 i d\u00e9ssote l\u00e9 100 % par voyaj. Po l\u00e9pok, lo profi l\u00e9t\u00e9 pl\u00fcto kor\u00e8k par rapor d\u2019ot kom\u00e8rse, soman po in lan\u00e9 l\u00e9t\u00e9 pl\u00fcto f\u00e8b (4-6 % po bann Nant\u00e9 dann 18\u00e8m si\u00e8k).<br \/>\nFo pa souz\u00e9stime bann risk s\u00e9zi, soman l\u00e9 pr\u00e8sk s\u00fcr lo bann profi la-ogmante l\u00e9pok la tr\u00e8te il\u00e9gal. Dann Bourbon, lan\u00e9<br \/>\nla-aboli l\u00e9sklavaj, dann journal i p\u00eb lire \u00ab dessou lo r\u00e9jime \u00bb la tr\u00e8te il\u00e9gal bann profi l\u00e9t\u00e9 t\u00e8lman gro, \u00ab t\u00e9 i anbarasse pa f\u00e9 3 jiska 5 voyaj po sove rienk inn \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.7660857650987138\" aria-label=\"Feuille Hebdomadaire de l'Ile Bourbon, n\u00b0 1524, 15 mars 1848, p. 3. T\u00e9 vr\u00e9man in b\u00e9b\u00e8te profi, parsk i pr\u00e9tan la vante in kargu\u00e9zon touss\u00ebl t\u00e9 i \u00e9gale la p\u00e8rte 5 bato \u00e8k zot sharjman.\">&nbsp;<\/span><br \/>\nDan lo S\u00fcd-Lou\u00e8st loss\u00e9an Indien 19\u00e8m si\u00e8k, la tr\u00e8te i raporte ankor bonp\u00e9 : dapr\u00e9 Serge Daget, in moun son l\u00e9pok i di \u00ab\u00a0konm la tr\u00e8te l\u00e9t\u00e9 pa puni li t\u00e9 i anprofite po f\u00e9 b\u00e8l-b\u00e8l b\u00e9n\u00e9fisse 200 % jiska 300 % \u00e7a t\u00e9 i p\u00e8rm\u00e8te ali agrandir son propri\u00e9t\u00e9 dann Bourbon \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.6954362290691061\" aria-label=\"Les croisi\u00e8res fran\u00e7aises de r\u00e9pression de la traite des Noirs sur les c\u00f4tes occidentales de l\u2019Afrique (1817-1850), inn t\u00e8z doktora d\u2019\u00e9ta, pr\u00e9zant\u00e9 l\u00fcniv\u00e8rsit\u00e9 Paris IV lo 12 d\u00e9ssanm 1987 dirij\u00e9 par Jean Ganiage, 2 t. XIV-596 p. et 297 p., t. 1, p. 304.\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1192\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1192\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/documentaires\/la-traite-des-esclaves\/la-traite-illegale\/fig-11-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1192\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1192 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-11-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-11-3.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-11-3-198x300.jpg 198w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-11-3-674x1024.jpg 674w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1192\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Konfiskasyon po lo Roi de Franse 172 z\u00e9sklav s\u00e9zi dessi lo lougre Espoir. Lo 19 oktob 1820. Man\u00fcskri. <br \/>Kol. Zarshiv d\u00e9partmantal La R\u00e9nyon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Parkonte t\u00e9 i p\u00eb ruine demoun ossi : n\u00e9na l\u00e9gzanp lo d\u00e9stin t\u00e9rib lo j\u00e8ne Busschop. Charles Fran\u00e7ois Busschop la-\u00e9n\u00e8te lan\u00e9 1797, lo garson in gran majistra, kons\u00e9y\u00e9 trib\u00fcnal la Kour Kassasyon, la-vn\u00fc Bourbon po \u00e9ss\u00e8ye f\u00e9 d\u2019larjan. Lan\u00e9 1818 li arive Bourbon, \u00e9pila li sava dann bann zil a-kot\u00e9. Dayot, in \u00ab lanploy\u00e9 gouv\u00e8rnman frans\u00e9 \u00bb k\u2019i trava\u00efye Tamatave, i done bonp\u00e9 d\u00e9tay dessi laf\u00e8r-la. Dapr\u00e9 Dayot, Ch. Busschop t\u00e9 i sorte S\u00e9s\u00e8l, la-arive issi \u00ab dessi la go\u00e9l\u00e8te <em>L\u2019Espoir<\/em> \u2014 avan t\u00e9 i ap\u00e8le La <em>Bamboche<\/em>, \u00e9pila <em>Lafara<\/em> \u2014 kapt\u00fcr\u00e9 konm kontrebandi\u00e9, dessi la kote Bourbon, ranvoy\u00e9 issi \u00bb. Li t\u00e9 i shanje lo nom son bato akoz son trafik z\u00e9sklav. Li \u00e9krire ossi : \u00ab Busschop la-gaingne la fi\u00e8v, son maladi la-agrav\u00e9, li l\u00e9 mor lo 6 juin 1819, san sekour, dan la miz\u00e8r \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.40157079107766325\" aria-label=\"In papi\u00e9 rajout\u00e9 \u00e8k la l\u00e8te lo minisse la-anvoye po lo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr lo 7 mars 1821 (ADR, 42 M 12). Lo bann rans\u00e8yman l\u00e9 dat\u00e9 depi Tamatave lo 17 avriy 1820. Dayot la-\u00e9splike k\u2019inn moiti\u00e9 l\u2019Espoir t\u00e9 i apartien Busschop, li lav\u00e9 assossi\u00e9 ansanm \u201cHans Green Danois\u201d.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Lotorit\u00e9 lokal la-done in bann zinformasyon i amontre bien lo bann trafik \u00e8k lo mov\u00e9 konportman in j\u00e8ne lavant\u00fcri\u00e9, t\u00e9 i sorte dann in gran famiy, malfond\u00e9 soman pl\u00fcto kouyon, l\u00e9 mor laj 22 zan, anbloui par \u00e7ak Toussaint t\u00e9 i ap\u00e8le \u201c<em>le mirage des \u00eeles<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Lo mal\u00ebr Busschop i gaingne pa f\u00e9 oublye \u00e7at bann z\u00e9sklav. Lo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr Milius i \u00e9krire lo minisse ke po bann n\u00e9gri\u00e9 \u00ab viole toute \u00e7ak l\u00e9 sakr\u00e9 (lon\u00ebr, l\u00fcmanit\u00e9) l\u00e9 konm in jeu po done satisfaksyon zot lanvi larjan \u00bb. Zot la-gaingne, \u00abpar in sovajri d\u00e8rni\u00e9 degr\u00e9 \u00bb f\u00e9 rante 40 Noir dann in shaloupe 8-10 tono\u201d.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.9142186093929647\" aria-label=\"ADR 45 M 5, dann in l\u00e8te n\u00b0344 lo 2 oktob 1820, Milius i rajoute t\u00e9 lo ka lo Gagne-Petit k\u2019 \u201cla-r\u00e8ste in mois an-m\u00e8r avan-n\u2019 d\u00e9barke son kargu\u00e9zon d\u2019kadav\u201d. 2-3 zan\u00e9 apr\u00e9, l\u00e9ta pitoyab bann Noir l\u00e9t\u00e9 kan zot t\u00e9 i arive Bourbon dan l\u2019Eurydice, i m\u00e8te bann zadministrat\u00ebr an-kol\u00e8r, malgr\u00e9 zot t\u00e9 i kon\u00e9 la vie bann marin l\u00e9 d\u00fcr, l\u00e9skalavaj ankor pl\u00fcs (ADR, 54 M 2, lettre du 29 avril 1824).\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1208\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1208\" style=\"width: 459px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-12-6.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1208\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"taille-initiale wp-image-1208 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-12-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"459\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-12-6.jpg 459w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-12-6-230x300.jpg 230w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1208\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Running a Cargo of slaves from Sadanni to Pemba Island. 1895. <br \/>In <em>The Illustrated<\/em> London News, oct. 26, 1895, p. 509. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La m\u00e8m pa bezoin trouve in bonp\u00e9 z\u00e9gzanp. I p\u00eb trouve deu-troi n\u00e9gri\u00e9, i gaingne antasse 2-5 kaptif par tono, anpl\u00fcs zot l\u00e9kipaj : 200 Noir po 70 tono dann <em>Deux-Fr\u00e8res<\/em>, (II) 200 Noir po 45 tono dann<em> Bon-Accord<\/em> (II). 460 z\u00e9sklav dan la <em>Mouche<\/em> apr\u00e9 t\u00e9 i ap\u00e8le la <em>Caroline<\/em> (I), in brick 198 tono. 260 \u201cNoir Mal\u00e9\u201c po 93 tono dan lo <em>Victor<\/em> t\u00e9 i sorte Bali somank\u00e9. Lo voyaj la <em>Jos\u00e9phine<\/em> (II) l\u00e9t\u00e9 moin longue akoz bato n\u00e9gri\u00e9-la t\u00e9 i sorte rienk Madagaskar. Li t\u00e9 i transporte 117 Noir po 23 tono, i f\u00e9 pl\u00fcs 5 kaptif par tono, li la-bate lo rekor lantasman san-k\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<p>Po aprovizione Bourbon \u00e8k trafik an-missouk, bann n\u00e9gri\u00e9 la-antasse vr\u00e9man tro z\u00e9sklav, jiska 5 par tono, d\u00e9foi pl\u00fcs ankor, parlf\u00e8te zot la-d\u00e9passe lo kota bann bato nant\u00e9 nav\u00e9 dann d\u00e8rni\u00e9 p\u00e9riod la tr\u00e8te l\u00e9gal.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5877504672558527\" aria-label=\"Lo trava\u00efy Joseph C. Miller i amontre lo \u201csurentassement \u00e0 la mode portugaise\u201d, par \u00e9gzanp dann \u201cOvercrowded and undernourished: The techniques and consequences of tight-packing in the Portuguese Southern Atlantic slave trade\u201d, in De la traite \u00e0 l'esclavage, \u00e9d. Serge Daget, 1988, op. cit., t. 2, p. 395-424, par\u00e8y dann Way of Death. Merchant Capitalism and Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830, London, James Currey, 1988, 770 p. 1988, 770 p.\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1200\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1200\" style=\"width: 747px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/documentaires\/la-traite-des-esclaves\/la-traite-illegale\/fig-14\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1200\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1200 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-14.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"747\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-14.jpg 747w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-14-219x300.jpg 219w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1200\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">La m\u00ebzur \u00e8k lo plan lo bato n\u00e9gri\u00e9 &#8220;Le Brookes&#8221;. 19e si\u00e8k. L\u00e9stanpe. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Anpl\u00fcs lo t\u00e9rib kondisyon transpor bann z\u00e9sklav, in bonp\u00e9 n\u00e9na d\u2019maladi zot la-gaingne avan zot la-anbark\u00e9, akoz land\u00e9mi sinon\u00e7a l\u00e9pid\u00e9mi n\u00e9na dann bann p\u00e9i lanbarkman. Par \u00e9gzanp n\u00e9na in n\u00e9gri\u00e9 t\u00e9 i tranporte bann l\u00e9preu. Demoun la p\u00ebr sirtou variol \u00e8k kol\u00e9ra, akoz i p\u00eb fane dan la pop\u00fclasyon kan bato i d\u00e9barke.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9na d\u2019ka \u00e9gzakt i p\u00e9rm\u00e8te kalk\u00fcle lo poursantaj bann z\u00e9sklav t\u00e9 i mor malgr\u00e9 nav\u00e9 pwin d\u2019maladi grave. Par \u00e9gzanp la <em>C\u00e9cile<\/em> i ar\u00e8te Sin-Pol mois d\u2019janvi\u00e9 1824.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.009041104379798326\" aria-label=\"ADR, 50 M 3, l\u00e8te n\u00b0 37, Cabinet lo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr, lo 29 janvi\u00e9 1824.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Lo gouv\u00e8rn\u00ebr i s\u00e9zi bato-la, li f\u00e9 am\u00e8ne bann Noir dann \u00ab latli\u00e8 lo Roi \u00bb. Mois d\u2019oute 1823 nav\u00e9 150 kan zot la-kite Lindy dann Lafrik. I rossanbe 39 l\u00e9 mor dan lo voyaj, \u00e7ak i f\u00e9 in gran p\u00e8rte, 26 %. Dessi lo 111 Afrikin, avan deu zan i fini, t\u00e9 i r\u00e8ste rienk 34 dann \u00ab latli\u00e9 lo Roi \u00bb.<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.14403704921332083\" aria-label=\"ADR, 174 M 2, rossansman 1\u00e9 janvi\u00e9 1826.\">&nbsp;<\/span> Lo group la-anbarke Lindy, la-p\u00e8rde pl\u00fcs lo kar son total z\u00e9sklav dan lo voyaj. Kan zot la-arive Bourbon, zot l\u00e9t\u00e9 si t\u00e8lman \u00e9skint\u00e9, rienk 23 mois apr\u00e9, pl\u00fcs lo 2\/3 t\u00e9 i r\u00e8ste lav\u00e9 mor zot tour.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1202\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1202\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-15.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1202\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1202 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-15.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-15-300x193.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1202\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The slavery question in Eastern Africa. 1873. Lestanpe. In <em>The Graphic<\/em>, March 8, 1873, p. 233. <br \/>Kol. M\u00fcz\u00e9 Vill\u00e8le<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1204\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1204\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/documentaires\/la-traite-des-esclaves\/la-traite-illegale\/fig-16\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-1204\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1204 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-16.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"957\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-16.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/fig-16-241x300.jpg 241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1204\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rapor po lo m\u00e9dsin sh\u00e8f la koloni dessi bann Noir la tr\u00e8te la-d\u00e9barke Bourbon. Jean-Baptiste Bataille. <br \/>29 avriy 1829. Man\u00fcskri. <br \/>Kol. Zarshiv d\u00e9partmantal La R\u00e9nyon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>N\u00e9na in gran dif\u00e9ranse rantr\u2019 lo kantit\u00e9 bann zar\u00e9stasyon dann lan\u00e9 \u00e8k lo total z\u00e9sklav la-f\u00e9 rantr\u00e9. Rantr\u2019 1817-1830 i p\u00eb \u00e9stime n\u00e9na apepr\u00e9 1500 z\u00e9sklav mor an-tro dann in lan\u00e9 par rapor lo bann n\u00e9ssanse. Lo nomb z\u00e9sklav la passe de 52 000 lan\u00e9 1817<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.5885425373775617\" aria-label=\"Thomas, Essai de statistique ..., t. 1, p. 221 : lan\u00e9 1815, 49 369 z\u00e9sklav ; lan\u00e9 1818, 54 259.\">&nbsp;<\/span> jiska 70 927 lan\u00e9 1830<span class=\"NOTE_MARKER\" rel=\"0.05884119813373678\" aria-label=\"ANOM, R\u00e9union, C 174, d 1402, \u201cM\u00e9moire...\u201d, p. l32, Etats officiels cit\u00e9s par Barbaroux.\">&nbsp;<\/span>, \u00e7ak i f\u00e9 in total 19 000 po 13 zan. Normalman akoz \u00e7ak l\u00e9 mor, t\u00e9 i doi b\u00e8sse jiska 19 500 parla. La-am\u00e8ne 38 500 z\u00e9sklav dann 13 zan\u00e9-la, parlf\u00e8te la-f\u00e9 rante 3 000 an-frode dann in lan\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Tou\u00e7a t\u00e9 i voi bien jiska lan\u00e9 1833 dann Bourbon. Lo trafik z\u00e9sklav, la-pa shanje ditou, soman bon\u00ebr-bon\u00ebr la-komanse am\u00e8ne \u201cfourniture\u201c d\u2019trava\u00efy\u00ebr, soidizan \u201clib\u201c. \u00c7ak la-arive an promi\u00e9 l\u00e9t\u00e9 angaj\u00e9 dann Linde lan\u00e9 1828. Lo bann trafikan la-anprofite po f\u00e9 rante lo deu kalit\u00e9 d\u2019trava\u00efy\u00ebr, \u00e9pila rante dan lo ron <em>coolie trade<\/em>, \u00e7a la-d\u00fcre 20 zan\u00e9. In mani\u00e8r bann propri\u00e9t\u00e8r Bourbon i tardra pa prande labit\u00fcd f\u00e9 an-gran, po demande Linde, Lafrik, Madagaskar, trava\u00efy\u00ebr an-poundiak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":8633,"parent":8624,"menu_order":20,"template":"","class_list":["post-8632","documentaire","type-documentaire","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/documentaire\/8632","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/documentaire"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/documentaire"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/documentaire\/8624"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.portail-esclavage-reunion.fr\/re\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8632"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}